Ephedrine and phenylephrine use during cesarean delivery.

1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK: Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2009; 111:506 –12 2. Dyer RA, Reed AR, Van Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, Greenwood J, James MF: Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2009; 111:753–65 3. Smiley RM: Burden of proof. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2009; 111:470–2 4. Yeomans ER, Hauth JC, Gilstrap LC III, Strickland DM: Umbilical cord pH, pCO2, and bicarbonate following uncomplicated term vaginal deliveries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 151:798 – 800 5. Casey BM, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ: The continuing value of the APGAR score for the assessment of newborn infants. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:467–71 6. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira WR, Ryall DM, Kokri MS: Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2002; 97:1582–90 7. LaPorta RF, Arthur GR, Datta S: Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: Effect on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status, and APGAR scores. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995; 39:901–5 8. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Roger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE: Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2001; 95:668 –74 9. Moran DH, Perillo M, LaPorta RF, Bader AM, Datta S: Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. J Clin Anesth 1991; 3:310–5 10. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lau TK, Ng FF, Chui K, Ng KL: Randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine versus ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for non-elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2008; 63:1319–26 11. Lee A, Ngan Kee WD, Gin T: A quantitative, systematic review of randomized controlled trials of ephedrine versus phenylephrine for the management of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:20–6 12. Hall PA, Bennett A, Wilkes MP, Lewis M: Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Comparison of infusions of phenylephrine and ephedrine. Br J Anaesth 1994; 73:471– 4 13. Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI: Ephedrine and phenylephrine for avoiding maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Effects on uteroplacental and fetal haemodynamics. Int J Obstet Anesth 1992; 1:129 –34